Japan And The Decline In Labor Union Strikes - 3300 Words

Comparative Political Economy: Japan And The Decline In Labor Union Strikes (Research Paper Sample) Content: COMPARATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY: JAPAN AND THE DECLINE IN LABORUNION STRIKESNameCourseDateINTRODUCTIONLabor unions provide a means through which employees can organize themselves and collectively advocate for their rights. Every employee has the right to proper wages, and working for unions are effective in helping each worker to attain the desired wage and working conditions. The unions organize workers and give them the power to collectively advocate for or negotiate for their collective rights and achieve the desired result.The strikes provide a way of negotiation of terms with their employers or managers. They are used to bring issues facing employees to the attention of employers or managers of a firm. They are a valuable tool that workers can use to fight for their rights.In Japan, labor strikes have been carried out by workers over the years to fight for their rights and to protest the political inequalities in the nation. These strikes have been reducing over th e years to a minimum in the current times. The decline of the strikes and labor actions in Japan has been attributed to the development of trust and understanding between the employees and the management. This cooperation between the two classes of people has improved the economy of Japan over the years. This understanding started after the occupation of the United States of America in Japan that led to political and social changes that affected workers monumentally. These changes occurred over an extended period. It is therefore important to look at the political economy of Japan based on the Varieties of Capitalism approach and the historical development and changes in the labor movements in Japan from the pre-war period to after the American occupation of Japan. This paper will shed light on how the political economy of Japan falls under the ideas explained in the Varieties of Capitalism approach, the history of labor movements and strikes in the country which demonstrate the dec line of strikes over the years, and the opposing views on the reasons for the decline of the strikes.VARIETIES OF CAPITALISMThis approach of comparative political economics is firm-centered and operates within a model of historical institutionalism. This method is centered on actors in the economy. These players include people, firms, producer groups, and the government. The approach is firm-centered given that this is a firm-centered political economy that views the companies as essential actors in a capitalist economy. This concept is relational. Firms are considered as actors who seek to develop and utilize core capacities and dynamic capabilities. These are the capacities that are used for development, production, and distribution of goods and services for a profit. The quality of relationships that the firm establishes internally and externally affect the development, production, and allocation of goods and services. Therefore, a company should undertake to ensure that the rela tionships are good enough not to hinder the acquisition of profit. Internal relationships are those established between the firms and its employees while external one is those established between the firm and stakeholders, suppliers, trade unions, the government, and other organizations. All these relationships are hard to maintain, and therefore coordination is required.[] [] [] Coordination becomes important in resolving issues that arise between the firm and other actors such as employees or trade unions representing employees. Some of these problems include bargaining for wages and working conditions between the firm and employees or a labor union that represents them. Coordination is also imperative since the wages and the productivity of employees determine the success of the business. Therefore if the bargains and negotiation of the company with the employees do not bear fruit, the organization will suffer loss. Finding solutions to the problems determine the competitiveness of the economy in general.[] [] [] This approach emphasizes historical institutionalism. These solutions to the problems the firms face rely on historical institutions. These are institutions that provide the capacity to exchange information, monitor, and sanction defection for promoting cooperative behavior among firms and actors like employees and labor unions. One of these institutions is the deliberative institution. These institutions allow actors to take part in collective discussions and make agreements such as the ones undertaken by firms and trade unions. These deliberations lead to negotiation and agreement between the employees and the management of the businesses.[] [] In addition to these deliberative institutions, there are formal systems that are critical in achieving equilibrium during coordination and problem-solving. Since these formal institutions cannot guarantee the desired results, a set of shared understandings based on custom, informal use, culture, and histo ry become useful. The institutions of a political economy of a nation are linked to that country's history. These historical institutions are ones that have been created by actions, including those established by statutes. These actions and statutes guide the operation of the various formal systems. Historical experiences create some common expectations among actors such as firms, employees, and labor unions. They give insight into the outcome of coordination or negotiation. These traditional institutions reaffirm the actions of businesses and actors regarding the outcome of problem-solving operations.[] [] [] Japan fits the ideas within the Varieties of Capitalism in various ways. The economy of Japan is capitalist, and therefore it is firm-based. In such an economy, firms are seen as an important actor in the growth of the country. Japan is also a coordinated market economy that provides for the protection of employment. This includes fostering the relationship between the firms a nd the employees and the organizations that represent them. The firms ensure that the employees are protected because their success depends on the productivity of the employees. The companies in Japan encourage their employees to get skills that are unique to that companies needs by offering lifetime employment opportunities. The large firms in Japan have developed company unions that give a voice to the employees and enables the workers of the organization to voice his or her grievances. All these are coordination and problem-solving mechanisms that ultimately lead back to the company. It is firm bases such that, whatever is done is to the advantage of the company. Therefore, of employees are given lifetime employment and allowed to be part of a company union, the result is a lower level of strikes and higher productivity which contribute to the profit of the company. Japan also has institutions that promote group-based coordination. It is one of the states that create regulatory a nd financial incentives to compel firms and other actors to take certain actions that improve the economy of the country.[] [] [] HISTORY OF LABOR STRIKES AND THE DECLINEThe labor movements in Japan begun during and after the Meiji Restoration that took place between 1865 and 1915. The industrialization and growth of the economy during this period in 1868 led to change of feudal workers to wage laborers. It also resulted in a shortage of skilled labor. During this period, workers who try to advocate for an increase in wages, better working conditions, and welfare benefits were met with opposition from the government and their employers. The labor unions were mostly made up of industrial workers. The labor unions at this time were not successful. The workers in the periods between the 1880s and 1890s remained unorganized. In 1890, Fitasaro Takano and other individuals formed the Workers Volunteer Association while they were living in San Fransisco. They had learnt about their rights and labor actions that can be used to fight for their rights during their stay in the United States where they worked as laborers. They utilized these ideas when they returned to Japan. According to a document issued by the group called "An Address to the Workers," labor issues started in Japan when capitalism was introduced. Tekano mobilized people and formed the Iron Workers Union in 1897. More unions have been trained after this. By 1902, about 50,957 workers in the machinery industry were unionized. The labor movement that had started was curtailed by police and order laws that were imposed in 1900. The state control hindered any further growth of the labor movements. Strikes on a large scale started occurring in 1906 in February at the plants managed by the government in Ishikawajima ship building far in Tokyo. In August the same year, there were strikes in the Tokyo, Osaka, and Yokosika Navel arsenals. There were more riots in the copper lines in Ashio and Besshi and mass prot ests against the public order and police laws and poor working conditions in government-run companies. Government troops quashed These riots. The labor unions collapsed, and their revival occurred after the First World War.[] [] [] [] [] [] In the 1920s, there were more than 200 labor unions in Tokyo and Osaka, and about 100,000 manual workers belonged to a union. After the First World War, more unions started forming, and their membership increased gradually. This is because the war had brought about inflation and this had increased the issues in the labor markets. These unions represented both industrial and craft workers. Between 1920 and 1930, about 800 unions and been formed. The biggest strikes stated in the same period. There were a lot of strikes between 1919 and 1921. The Japan Labour Federation was formed in 1921. At this time, strikes and adversarial collective bargaining were inhibited by the threat of unemployment and coercion. The government did ...

Data Privacy - 1063 Words

Data Privacy G.Maruthi What is data privacy? †¢ Protection of personal data †¢ Why do we need protect personal data? – The need to control personal data †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Fear of misuse Identity Theft Cases of Fraud Other form of cyber crimes What is Personal Information? †¢ According to the European Directive on Data Protection – Article 2: â€Å"Personal Data shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable person is one who can be identified , directly or indirectly, in particular, by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental economic , cultural or social identity† – Article 8: Personal data revealing†¦show more content†¦the person so affected† – Body Corporate: â€Å"means any company and includes a firm, sole proprietorship or other association of individuals engaged in commercial or professional activities† Data Privacy: India †¢ Under the chapter XI: Offences †¢ Section 72: Penalty for breach of confidentiality and privacy †¢ Section 72A: Punishment for disclosure of information in breach of lawful contract: Data Privacy: India †¢ Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011: – Rule 3: Sensitive personal data or information †¢ Password; †¢ Financial information such as Bank account or credit card or debit card or other payment instrument details; †¢ Physical physiological and mental health condition †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Medical records and history †¢ Biometric information Data Privacy: India †¢ Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011: †¢ Rule 4: Body corporate to provide policy for privacy and disclosure of information: Responsibilities of data controllers: – – – – – Practices and policies Type of information collected Purpose of collection and usage of such information Disclosure of information Reasonable security practices Data Privacy: India †¢ Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011: †¢ Rule 5: Collection of information: †¢ RuleShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Preserving Data Of Data Essay7893 Words   |  32 Pages1. 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And your boyfriend will also like them because they are pink and cute and right to his taste†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Could you tell me your feeling? Happy? Surprised? Or you’re scared? I think most of the people might feel offendedRead MoreInformational Privacy And The Challenge Of Big Data1764 Words   |  8 PagesInformational Privacy and the Challenge of Big Data By analysing an â€Å"unprecedented breadth, depth, and scale† of data, Big Data may benefit society, discovering a positive relationship between therapeutic vitamin B use and delayed AIDS development and tracking the spread of influenza for instance. However, despite the benefits, there are significant privacy concerns surrounding the ability to provide informed consent considering Big Data’s aggregate and unpredictable character. For example, regardingRead MoreSecurity And Privacy Of Big Data779 Words   |  4 Pages1. 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Bookshop Automation - 4832 Words

Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology Management Bookshop Automation System Requirement Specification (Project No – P10) Submitted to: Miss Shweta Kulshereshtha Submitted By: Vivek Kushwaha MCA V SEM (M2) Group : G2 Abstract The project report consists of 2 phases. In the first phase, the problem assigned to us has been mentioned. Second phase provides the solution for the same problem along with an insight into the development process involved. Introduction part gives the information regarding Bookshop Automation System. It also gives brief introduction about the project under the topic PROBLEM DEFINITION .It gives a short introduction about Bookshop and its operations. The next part is the REQUIRMENT ANALYSIS which†¦show more content†¦In real world, it tends to associate with automated systems as they provide many benefits than doing the same thing in manually. As above mentioned, here we have introduced a system which can be used to maintain a bookshop. When we are concerning the manual process of a bookshop, the major problem is the waste of time. A customer has to waste his/her valuable time when he needs to buy a book as all the events such as searching, purchasing are done by members of the staff .In briefly, the manual process is very slow. But automation will reduce the time taken in the whole process. In a bookshop we should deal with a large store. Then person (storekeeper) has to maintain it with documents which are recorded by him. Therefore, there may be defective reports. Also company has to appointed more persons to complete the maintenance of the stationery. Then the company has to have an additional cost. As we familiar with this type of system at instance we will be able to have the results that we want. Communication with suppliers, customers and other related organizations will be more successful as the system is so fast. When the bookshop issues an item to a customer, all the stages of the transaction procedure will be facilitated by the system it will be more accurate. Existing system description: At present, the Wholesale and Retail outlets are working under manual management. All records related to Products, Sales, Suppliers, Orders,Show MoreRelatedResearch Journals on One Way Anova Test785 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. online shopping has affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce,  bookshops  and  travel agencies. Online retailers are sometimes known as  e-tailers  and online retail is sometimes known as Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the  World Wide Web. In the United States, some electronic commerce activitiesRead MoreHarry And Strange Logic Of Book Discounters1566 Words   |  7 Pages1. Harry and Strange Logic of Book Discounters Harry Potter books sold out immediately on multiple discount offers from different bookshop. There was lot of book shops which were selling the book on cheaper and discounted prices. They went on with this offer since a lot of people were coming to buy that book and they will sell it on margin prices, the prices were competitive and the number of copies sold in millions. On the launch of this book the book sellers gave out 40 percent discount, sinceRead MoreAnalysis Of Jungle Books Accounting Information System2532 Words   |  11 Pagesanalysing jungle books lies on its expenditure cycle, which is consisted by purchase system, cash disbursements system. 1.5 Background Jungle Books is the fastest-growing book distributor in North America. Jungle Books is started as a neighbourhood bookshop, and operated by Burwash and his wife only at the very beginning. Due to it is developing too fast, they are experiencing many problems currently. 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Electronic Publishing: If information is to be selected from electronic information banks and paid for in micro payments then there is no books and no bookshops - but to adapt a famous quote, the news of the death of the book has (probably) been greatly exaggerated. There are those who like shopping online and those who do not. There are books than need inspection before purchase (illustrated cookbooksRead MoreAnalyze Amazon and Walmart.Com Using the Value Chain and Competitive Forces Models7767 Words   |  32 Pagesonline there is very little more work in selling direct - and no trade discount has to be given. Electronic Publishing: If information is to be selected from electronic information banks and paid for in micro payments then there is no books and no bookshops - but to adapt a famous quote, the news of the death of the book has (probably) been greatly exaggerated. There are those who like shopping online and those who do not. 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Box 35110 Menlo Park 0102 Tel: (012) 362 5663/4 Fax: (012) 362 5685 E-mail: jan@proteaboekhuis.co.za , bernice@proteaboekhuis.co.za Or via die web: kalahari.net or amazon.com 1.3.3 Recommended books To use for the completionRead MoreIct and Ebusiness Retail Industry88499 Words   |  354 Pagesautomated business processes (both intra-and inter-firm) over computer mediated networks (OECD, 2004, p. 6). In addition, the OECD proposed that e-business processes should integrate tasks and extend beyond a stand-alone or individual application. Automation refers here to the substitution of formerly manual processes. 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A Comparison of Grendel in Beowulf and John Gardners...

In both works, Beowulf and Grendel, Grendel himself is generally given the same connotations. He is given kennings, called names, referred to as the evil spawn of Cain, and even viewed as a monster; but why? Why in both books is he a wicked, horrible, person who is harshly excluded from everyone? After stumbling upon John Gardners book, it was halfway expected that some excuse would be made for Grendel; that he wasnt really the inexorable monster the thanes in Beowulf portrayed him as. But all it really did was make him worse. What is the message we are being sent about Grendel? In Beowulf, we hardly know anything about Grendel. His name is barely mentioned and instead he is given an abundant amount of kennings. In Grendel, we learn†¦show more content†¦They hammer this vision of Asgard and what you will get if you die in an act of bravery so that their people will idolize the great Beowulf and want to do heroic things such as he did. That is the only reason he was even ment ioned at all. However, in John Gardners book, we are given knowledge about Grendel, exposed to his existentialism, and provided many different examples of theories that the Anglo-Saxons would violently shriek upon hearing. Yet he still portrays him as a monster? One philosophy we are exposed to in Grendel is Platos Allegory of the Cave. In this philosophic viewpoint, a man is chained to the ground all of his life facing nothing but a cave wall. The only things he will ever see are the shadows of the objects people walk by the fire with. If a vase were to be held, how would he know what it was besides knowing what the shadow looked like? If he were let out into the real world he wouldnt recognize anything because he would be ignorant to everything but shadows. In Gardners book, Grendel himself was kept in a cave representing ignorance for most of his childhood. When he finally came out he did nothing but terrorize and eat the people. Is ignorance really such a bad thing under certain circumstances? John Gardner wrote his book with a purpose, to exploit Grendel in every way and to give readers an understanding about the way he has become. The Anglo-Saxons didnt want their loyalShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Nihilistic and Christian Archetypes in Beowulf and John Gardners Grendel2146 Words   |  9 PagesGrendel, Beowulf and the Relationship Between Nihilistic and Christian Archetypes The Wisdom god, Woden, went out to the king of trolls†¦and demanded to know how order might triumph over chaos. â€Å"Give me your left eye,† said the king of trolls, â€Å"and I’ll tell you.† Without hesitation, Woden gave up his left eye. â€Å"Now tell me.† The troll said, â€Å"The secret is, Watch with both eyes!† Woden’s left eye was the last sure hope of gods and men in their kingdom of light surrounded by darkness. AllRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesimportant sonnet sequences of this period.) Sonnets were also written during the height of classical English verse, by Dryden and Pope, among others, and written again during the heyday of English Romanticism, when Wordsworth, Shelley, and particularly John Keats created wonderful sonnets. Today, the sonnet remains the most influential and important verse form in the history of English poetry. Two kinds of sonnets have been most common in English poetry, and they take their names from the greatest poets

Essay on The Difficult Lesson of The Enormous Radio

The Difficult Lesson of The Enormous Radio The Enormous Radio by John Cheever begins with Jim and Irene Westcott who are an average American couple with an average American family. Cheever describes them as middle-aged, having two young children, a pleasant home, and a sufficient income. On the surface they seem to have a perfect life, but underneath this is not the case. In the course of the story, Irene’s imperfections are revealed by a hideous radio. The radio was bought to give the Westcott’s listening pleasure, but then they discover it can hear all the neighbors’ conversations. Irene becomes so obsessed with eavesdropping on her neighbors’ conversations, that it blinds her from her own problems. It seems as though†¦show more content†¦In her obsession with the radio she fails to realize how her life was pertinent to the lives of her neighbors. Smith states that Irene becomes so involved in her neighbors’ predicaments, she fails to recognize her own (59). She had deceived herself and everyone else into thinking that life was different from those around her. Not only does she have blindfolds on, but she seeks constant reassurance from Jim that their lives are not like those of her neighbors. After listening to all her neighbors’ problems one day, she cries for Jim’s reassurance that they are happy and content. She tells Jim that, Mrs. Hutchinson’s mother is dying of cancer, and Mr. Hendricks is going to lose his job in April (822). She wants Jim to reassure her that their life is not like their neighbors, so she asks Jim, And we’re not hypercritical or worried about money or dishonest, are we? (823). He lies and says that they are not, but indeed they are. Jim, in fact, worried about money a great deal (823). Jim says, I don’t like to see all of my energies, all of my youth, wasted on fur coats and radios and slipcovers (824). He tells Irene that they need to cut back on their expenses. He tells her that she needs to learn how to manage her money better, but Irene doesn’t seem to care about her husband’s concerns. She even lies to him about paying for her clothing bills, which is ironic since she believes that she and Jim areShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of Mass Media885 Words   |  4 Pageshistorical events. These movies are like history lessons to the audience since they show something we were not able to witness or take part in. Over the years, it has gained the attention of every culture in every part of the world. These days, thanks to Hollywood, it is instrumental in shaping the social culture by transforming the viewers’ opinions or swaying them one way or another. The idea that a film can have such an enormous impact on people can be difficult for some, however, this same impact canRead MoreHow Tiger Woods Affects the Game of Golf985 Words   |  4 Pagesof all time. Due to his incredible playing on the course, his young age, and the endorsement deals he signed with major advertising companies, Tiger Woods fans place him on the best of the best list in professional sports. Society places an enormous amount of responsibilities on its champions or favorites. Sure, he is good on the course, but how well does he support society? What does he stand for, the public says. There is more to Tiger Woods than a good golf swing or how well he canRead More How Tiger Woods Affects the Game of Golf Essay examples966 Words   |  4 Pagesgolfer of all time. Due to his incredible playing on the course, his young age, and the endorsement deals he signed with major advertising companies, Tiger Woods’ fans place him on the â€Å"best of the best† list in professional sports. Society places an enormous amount of responsibilities on its champions or favorites. â€Å" Sure, he is good on the course, but how well does he support society? What does he stand for†, the public says. There is more to Tiger Woods than a good golf swing or how well he can sayRead MoreEssay On Duke Ellington1506 Words   |  7 Pagesnot actually Ellington’s name, but it is only his nickname, which children gave him when he was a little boy for his aristocratic manners and the ability to dress elegant things. When Duke was seven years old, he began his piano training and took lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. (Ruhlmann) Duke Ellington was an American jazz pianist, composer, and orchestra leader. He was more than just a musician, he was an artistic legend of his generation. In the summer of 1914, he wrote his first compositionRead MoreGeorge C. 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Common Condition Affecting About Half a Million the Australians

Question: How Common Condition Affecting About Half A Million Australians? Answer: Introduction Heart failure(HF) is a common condition affecting about half a million Australians. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality, frequent hospitalization and massive cost to the health care system(Krum Driscoll,2013).Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which an abnormality of the heart interferes with its ability to perform its normal blood pumping function.Hypertension, Diabetes, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity and Coronary artery disease are some of the several factors contributing to heart failure (Fitchett, et al 2016).This paper closely examines treatment options and discusses priority aspects of clinical and nursing care of a patient with heart failure. Brief Patient History Mr.X(Pseudonym) is a 58 year old male who has been diagnosed with heart failure. The patient has past historyof hypertension, atrial fibrillation diabetes, obesity, sleep-apnea and hyperthyroidism. He is a social drinker and occasional smoker.He lost his parents to cardiac arrest and HF.He had been undergoing treatment with ACE(Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibitors, Anti-platelets, Statinsand Diuretics in the ward . Rationale for the initial treatment The etiologyof HF most commonly is that of an ischemic event, primarily affecting the left ventricle causing loss of contractility and hence overtime, an excessive fluid overload in the body causing congestion in various organs. .The primary goal is to optimize cardiopulmonary function .Treatment was focused on treating Mr.Xs hypertension. He was treated with ACE inhibitors as his ejection fraction was 40%.Studies have shown that ACE inhibitors are vasodilators which help to control blood pressure and improve ventricular function and patients well-being. They can be inter changed with ARB(Angiotensin Receptor Blocker),if patient cannot tolerate ACEI(Lacey,2009).Mr.X was treated with diuretics (Spirinolactone) which is analdosterone receptor antagonist as he exhibited signs of pitting edema and dyspnea.These drugs help trigger the body to excrete excess sodium. This would in turn favor the healing process by lowering the volume of blood that the heart has to pump argues Valentova, and von Haehling, (2014). Close monitoring of renal function, electrolyte levels fluid balance and urine output are therefore needed(Riley,2015).Mr.Xwas advised to continue his regular dose of warfarin to keep his atrial fibrillation under control.Measures were taken to regularly check his blood sugars and administer medicationsin order to maintain tight glycemic control. Mr.X was advised about lifestyle modifications to control his weight and ways to relieve stress that contributed to the worsening of his condition. The units policy is to educate patients and the family or career about the patients medication, side effects including strict adherence to the medication and flexible diuretic regimen. Daily weight of the patient is done .Diet modification with less salt and fluid restriction, intake of lean meat and vegetables is encouraged with the advice from the dietician. Patients are involved in exercise programs with the assistance of physiotherapists. Common success rates of the initial treatment Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for individuals. Adults with diabetes are 2 to 4 times more likely to have heart hypertension and dyslipidemia and they commonly coexist in people with it (Worel,2016).Studies have shown that vasodilators (ACE inhibitors or ARB) reverse maladaptive neurohumoral and hemodynamic responses in heart failure, they are well tolerated, improve signs and symptoms, and reduce mortality by 15 to 40% depending upon the degree of initial cardiac functional impairment . It was seen that in patients with EF(ejection fraction) 35%, the addition of spironolactone to a regime of ACE inhibitors and diuretics reduced morbidity by 35% and mortality by 30% at 24 months(PoppasRounds,2002). Warfarin should be reserved for patients with chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation, although it is often prescribed (without supporting data) for patients with marked dilatation of their left atrium and/or ventricle because of concerns about an increased risk of thromboembolism(KrumDriscoll,2013). Among all therapies, increased success rates are found to be with changes in lifestyle measures, that have been found to be useful in supporting the patient. These include exercise (usually a graded exercise program, initially under the supervision of a physiotherapist or heart failure nurse), dietary salt restriction, alcohol restriction and weight loss in overweight patients. Patients should be encouraged to consume an adequate but restricted volume of fluid. This is particularly critical in patients who have low serum sodium levels, which is often seen in the setting of heart failure due to activation of neurohormones such as arginine vasopressin. Appropriate treatment of commonly associated conditions, such as hypertension, arrhythmia, sleep apnea, depression, anemia and iron deficiency, is also critical in the optimal management of patients with HF(Krum Driscoll,2013). Unpredicted response/ lack of response In the initial treatment, Mr.Xseemed non-compliant with the fluid restriction, use of his (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)CPAP mask for sleep apnea and refused to immobilize despite several attempts and proper explanation by the medical team. Due to his low EF(40%),his vital signs remained unstable with his heart rate increasing between 160-180in uncontrolled atrial fibrillation(Stone, et al 2014)and patient repeatedly suffering from flashes of pulmonary edema. The nurses had also underestimated the sleep apnea condition and could not force with the application of CPAP oververnight(Stone, et al 2014).With all the existing co-morbidities and non-compliance of the patient to the treatment the patient deteriorated and had to be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU)for further care. HF, irrespective of whether it has been detected on the basis of being actively treated (for example, during a hospital admission) or in otherwise asymptomatic individuals, is a lethal condition(McmurrayStewart,2000). Mosterd and Hoes(2007),state that patients in heart failure acutely present with worsening clinical symptoms like cardiogenic shock ,pulmonary edema , hypotension etc within 24 hours of hospital admission. Nursing care during this unpredicted response changed to prioritize and stabilize Mr.X. Assessments were done to check the patients hemodynamic status (BP, Pulse, Temp), objective measurement of dyspnea status (RR, oxygen saturation, work of breathing),ECG, check were done for jugular venous pressure,chest auscultation for breath sounds and for signs of pulmonary congestion(rales,rhonchi,pitting edema).Mr. X was given emotional support as he was anxious and social support was provided to his family during this situation. Reason and associated factors that influenced treatment HF is a leading cause of hospitalization among patients aged 65 years or older.The primary mode of death among HF patients is variable, according to New York Heart Association(NYHA) functional class. The NYHA classification is a useful way of categorizing the severity of heart failure in individual patients and this categorization also has prognostic utility. Patients with NYHA class II symptoms are at a proportionally higher risk of sudden cardiac death while those with NYHA class IV symptoms have a one-year mortality as high as 75% with a significantly higher risk of dying of progressive heart failure characterized by worsening shortness of breath, orthopnea, hypotension, and decreasing level of consciousness(Scarabelli etal,2015).Coronary artery disease may also play a role in the progression of heart failure through mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, ischemia, and infarction. Studies show that patients with anemia have known to deteriorate due to further neurohormonal ac tivation(Dumitru etal,2016) and sleep apnea contributing to ventricular arrhythmias.These are some of the groups of patients with these co-morbidities who may not respond to the initial treatment. As in the case of Mr.X, he had most of the conditions as mentioned above like atrial fibrillation ,diabetes,sleep apnea, hypertension and obesity and his non-compliance with the therapeutic regimen which contributed to influence his response to treatment in slow progression. The development of episodes of acute pulmonary edema and tachycardia made his condition critical. Mann, et al (2014) suggests that the medications administered to the patient has always been important and plays a key role in the treatment of HF. There are no identified cases of people who did not respondto medications such as the ACE inhibitors ,ARB or to aldosterone antagonists. As a matter of fact, these interventions have always beenthe common success for this condition.Some of the reasons and associated factors that may be identified in respect to this case may be the dilemma of the health practitioners in identifying the stage of failure and the exact treatment for the patient. Subsequent treatment following the unsuccessful response Mr.X was intubated for 3 days after which he was extubated and transferred to the Coronary Care Unit for the insertion of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator(ICD).During his stay in the ICU, he was started on inotropes for his hypotension, and his anti-hypertensives were held during this time. He was on regular diuretics which prevent the retention of salt and water thus reducing preload .Anti-platelets such as Warfarin was continued to prevent the risk of thromboembolism along with regular checks onMr.Xs international normalized ratios( INR).Beta blockers were introduced in order to control his heart rate. Special care was taken to check his electrolytes regularly. Mr.X showed a positive response to the treatment and was given strict advice on the use of CPAP machine for his sleep apnea. The frequent periods of hypoxia and repeated nighttime arousals due to sleep apnea rigger adrenergic surges, which can worsen hypertension and impair systolic and diastolic function (Ramani et al,2010). He was involved in a weight control program and educated on healthy food habits and regular exercise. His family was involved in his care. He was educated about his medications ,to regularly check his blood pressure and to attend the follow-up visits. The Nurse is an important member in the multi-disciplinary team.Coordination of care in this manner can reduce the need for hospitalization for heart failure and can result in improvement in quality of life for patients.Additional strategies which appear to be effective include the utilization of nurse practitioners who may follow up patients in their own home, following an episode of decompensated heart failure(Gillespie,2006). Subsequent treatment and nursing implications The alternate treatment is included in the units policy however on very strict conditions that it can only be done on patients who are in the intensive care unit. However, as observed from the case of Mr. X, it is clear that the alternate treatment which includes emotional support needs to be included in the units policy in order to take care of such exceptional cases. Some of the nursing implications that may result from this treatment include loss of water and important mineral salts through the use of diuretics. In conclusion, it is clear to suggest that surgical operations are essential in the treatment of heart failure which has complicated condition that is caused by secondary infections such as arterial fibrillation and sleep apnea. Amongst the many operations involved, heart transplant remains the last effective option of controlling the infection. The initial treatment however remains medication mainly the use of ACE tablets, catheter ablation and use of BPAP. However for patients who do not respond to this treatment, surgical operations involving heart reconstruction and heart transplant then becomes the second operation for such patients (Yancy, et al 2013). References Diabetes: New Evidence Informs Changes In Standards Of Care,Vol 31(3), pp:196-200 itruI ,Ooi ,Baker MM,(2016),Heart failure treatment and management,Heart.org ,Accessed on 20April 2017,https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/163062-overview. Fitchett, D., Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., Hantel, S., Salsali, A., ... Inzucchi, S. E. (2016). Heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial.European heart journal,37(19), 1526-1534. Gillespie ND,(2006), The diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the older patient, Br Med Bull, 75-76(1), pp:49-62. Krum H, Driscoll A,(2013), Management of heart failure, Med J Aust, vol199(5) ,pp:334-339 Lacey B, (2009), Nursing made incredibly easy ,Vol 7 ,pp:12-21. Mann, D. L., Zipes, D. P., Libby, P., Bonow, R. O. (2014).Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. McMurray JJ, Stewart S, (2000),Epidemiology, Etiology Prognosis of Heart Failure, BMJ, Vol 83,(5), pp:596-600. Mosterd A, Hoes AW,(2007),Clinical epidemiology of heart failure, BMJ, Vol193(9), pp:1137-1146. Poppas A, Rounds S, (2002),Congestive heart failure,AJRCCM, Vol 165(1),pp:35-40. Ramani VG, Uber PA, Mehra MR, (2010), Chronic heart failure :Contemporary diagnosis and management, PMC ,Vol85(2), pp:180-195. Riley J, (2015), The key roles for the nurse in Acute Heart Failure Management, CFR, Vol(1),pp:20-25. Scarabelli CC,Saravolatz L, Hirish B,Agrawal P,Scarabelli TM,2015, Dilemmas in end stage heart failure, Journal of Geriatric Cardiology,Vol12(1),pp:37-65. Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Merz, C. N. B., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., ... McBride, P. (2014). 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults.Circulation,129(25 suppl 2), S1-S45. Valentova, M., von Haehling, S. (2014). An overview of recent developments in the treatment of heart failure: update from the ESC Congress 2013. Worel JN, Hayman ,Laura LL, ( 2016 Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, E., Drazner, M. H., ... Johnson, M. R. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure.CirculationCIR-0b013e31829e8776. Yared, N., Georgakopoulos, D., Lovett, E. G. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,600,511. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Commentary On Brave New World Essay Example For Students

Commentary On Brave New World Essay In chapters four through six of brave new world Christianity is shown to be unnecessary. †People,† as Birnbaum states, â€Å"are never taught religion, and are conditioned so they’ll never be alone and think about the possibility of God? † (3). The creation of a religion is almost similar to an act of artistic expression; as it requires an enormous amount of emotion and individual belief. With an idea of a higher being and consequently an idea of a more important aspect of life than just remaining stable would be detrimental to the utopian orld. Instead of pondering an afterlife, the citizens remain true to their society which is shown when a character states, â€Å"Fine to think we can go on being socially useful even after we’re dead,† (49). In chapters seven through ten Emotions are thus controlled in Brave New World. Control and stability can best be achieved when everyone is happy. The government does its best to eliminate any painful emotion, which means every deep feeling, every passion, is gone. Huxley shows that the government recognizes the dangers of egative emotions when the controller states, â€Å"Actual happiness always looks pretty squalid in comparison with the over-compensations for misery† (150). In chapters fifteen through eighteen the society in Brave New World lacks of spirituality and Christianity. The pleasure-seeking society pursues no spiritual experiences or joys, preferring carnal ones. The lack of a religion that seeks a true transcendental understanding helps ensure that the masses of people, upper and lower classes have no reason to rebel. What religious ritual they have begins as an attempt to reach a higher level of understanding as a community but quickly turns into a chance to please the carnal nature of man through orgiastic ritual. This denies the human soul, which is usually searching for a pleasure not experienced in the flesh but in the mind, and preserves the society based on happiness which they have established. In chapters fifteen through eighteen John, the Savage, has no other choice than to commit suicide. It is of course a sin, but John either doesn’t know that since he’s had no real formal religious instruction, or he knows it and chooses to take his life anyway. He has no place in the society he lives in which is based on pleasure and happiness. The society in which he grew up was a traditional society with fundamentally different values, including the idea of sacrifice. One would like to see John return to his home on the reservation, but even there he was an outcast because of his illegitamate birth and his mother’s loose morals, so this is Impossible.